Causes Of The Punic Wars History Essay

Reasons for The Punic Wars History Essay The Punic Wars were an arrangement of three fights that were battled in the period 264 to 146 BC among Rome and Carthage. They were the biggest clashes of the time. The principle explanation behind the event of the fights was the contention in the personal stakes of the Carthagian Empire and the quickly growing Roman Empire. The Romans saw the need to extend their tremendous domain through Sicily, which was then a significant center, and was halfway under Carthagian control. Carthage, being the prevailing force in the West of the Mediterranean and solid in its maritime force, opposed all advances by the Roman Empire, which was a broad oceanic domain. This brought about the first of three significant wars that were described by various fights. Toward the finish of wars battled for longer than a century, Rome rose successful in the Roman-Syrian War with the annihilation of Seleucid King Antiochus III the Great and proceeded to be one of the most remarkable domains of the time till the fifth century A.D Carthage was an amazing thalassocratic city in current Tunisia. It had the biggest naval force and battled its wars through soldiers of fortune, particularly Numidian, instead of a perpetual, standing armed force similar to the case with the Roman Empire. In 264 BC, the Roman Empire vanquished the Italian promontory toward the south of River Po bringing the contention between the two opponents to a breaking point. This set off the First Punic War that kept going between 264-241 BC. The First Punic War was primarily a maritime war which was likewise halfway battled ashore in Sicily between Hiero II of Syracuse and Mamertines of Messina. The Mamertines originally enrolled the assistance of the Carthagians however proceeded to sell out them and sign a bargain with the Roman Senate. This prompted the Carthagians to legitimately bolster Hiero carrying them at loggerheads with the Roman Empire for the control of Sicily. In 261 BC, after an annihilation at the Battle of Agrigentum, the Carthagians set out to face their conflicts adrift as opposed to ashore. They thusly effectively battled the Romans at the Battle of the Lipari Islands in 260 BC. Rome chose to extend its current armadas to more than 100 warships in two months in order to counter the almighty Carthagians in the ocean. They were explicitly intended to fuse a Corvus in order to encourage sinking and slamming of Carthagian ships. This ensured a flood of achievements for the Roman infantries aside from the Battle of Tunis. In 241 BC, the Carthagians marked a harmony bargain with the Romans in which they had to clear Sicily notwithstanding paying a tremendous war reimbursement. Further, in 238 BC, the Carthagians lost the islands of Sardinia and Corsica to Rome during the Mercenary War. This guaranteed Rome was the superpower and could easily control any ocean borne or land attack of Italy, all ocean exchange courses the Mediterranean and further attack remote shores to extend the Empire. Rome further battled and vanquished settlements through the Illyrian Wars. Carthage was anyway compelled to withdraw and construct its accounts and extend its realm in Hispania. In the following time frame between 238 BC and 219 BC, a few exchange understandings and shared coalitions among Carthage and Rome occurred. These arrangements were predominantly about the arrival of each of the 8,000 Roman detainees without recover and the giving over of all betrayers serving in the Carthage armed force. This last segment of the understanding was not clung to prompting a reject of the arrangement by the Roman senate and an expansion in the reimbursement fines. This consequently brought about a liquidity issue in Carthage prompting the Mercenary war in which the soldiers of fortune that had recently battled for Carthage to revolt because of loss of control over the ocean ways. With an agreeable win, Carthage and Rome delighted in relative harmony till 219 BC when Hannibal, having silver wealth vanquished by his forerunner Hamilcar Barca and a huge local armed force from the quelled local clans, for example, the Celts of the Po River, assaulted Saguntum which was by t hen under unique security by Rome under success named as the Iberian Conquest. The Second Punic War happened between 218-201 BC. Hannibal, driving the Barcid Empire, and unified to the Carthagians, crossed the Alps and attacked Italy in a progression of profoundly effective fights. Hannibal, nonetheless, never accomplished the objective of making a significant division among Rome and its partners. These wars were battled on three outskirts. In the first place, in Italy, Hannibal battled the Romans; also, in Hispania, Hasdrubal, a sibling to Hannibal, continually safeguarded the settlements vanquished lastly in Sicily, Rome battled for control which was additionally pained by the proceeding with First Macedonian War. After a fruitful assault on Saguntum, Hannibal went further on to astound the Romans by assaulting Italy. In spite of the fact that he figured out how to win that specific fight, and furthermore the Battle of Trebia, The Battle of Trasimene and the Battle of Cannae; he lost his solitary attack motors and a large portion of the elephants and men to t he cold mountains in this manner deliberately losing the fight in Rome which would have guaranteed a success of the whole war. His war procedure, which was to turn the partners of Rome against it since he was unable to take Rome on because of deficient men, fizzled. With the exception of a couple of southern states, the rest stayed faithful. Rome further drafted armed force after armed force after the annihilations which guaranteed Hannibal was cut off from help. Hannibal likewise never got any considerable fortifications from Carthage which kept him from definitively overcoming Rome and consummation the war at a success. The war seethed for a long time during which the Roman Empire couldn't indisputably end the fight since Hannibal was an ace general combined with the way that they were at that point occupied with the Macedonian Wars. Hannibal, acknowledging he was in the long run coming up short on provisions, chose to withdraw to his command post in Africa in help to an assault p ursued by Rome however was altogether vanquished in The Battle of Zama. In Hispania, Hasdrubal was sufficiently vanquished by a youthful Roman officer, Publius Cornelius Scorpio. He in this way chose to desert Hispania in order to fortify his sibling Hannibal. This collusion was later stomped on after completion the Second Punic War in 201 BC. The Third Punic War, which endured between 149-146 BC, was conjured by the all-inclusive Siege by Rome on Carthage and its subsequent complete decimation. There was developing resurgence by Hispania and Greece against Rome combined with the unmistakable increment in Carthagian riches and military influence. The Roman Treaty consolidated a proviso in which Carthage was to have no military in this manner experiencing assaults the neighboring Numidia, a most loved of the Roman Empire. All mediations were finished by the Roman Senate which was vigorously for Numidia. Following a long time since the finish of the Second Punic War, The Carthagians concluded they were not, at this point limited by the bargain and assembled a military to battle the Numidian assaults. This Punic Militarism was vigorously questioned by Rome particularly by Cato the Elder who proclaimed that Carthage must be devastated. In 149 BC, Rome gave requests that couldn't be met, for example, the proposition to annihila te Carthage and construct it further from the coast into the insides of Africa. This brought Carthage into an open battle with the Romans. Over a brief period, Carthagians imaginatively made a heap of weapons and had the option to oppose introductory Roman assaults on their city. In any case, a multi year attack on the city finished the war where the dividers of the city were penetrated by the Romans under the order of Scipio Aemilianus, who set the city ablaze and magnified other Carthagian settlements. The Carthagians who were not slaughtered were sold into bondage. This finished the Carthagian Empire.

Unemployment in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Joblessness in Europe - Essay Example An overview directed in 2006, an evaluation of the joblessness rates in different nations in Europe was completed. According to the consequences of that study, joblessness in Europe as a rule is as of now as high as 4% to 17%. (Kurten, 2006). Not just this, the pace of joblessness was evaluated to diminish further in the coming years, which is the greatest reason for worry among the young people of the European countries. A similar report by Kurten (2006) uncovered that till 2004, individuals underneath 25 years old having a place with the European Union confronted joblessness in the level of over 18.6%. What especially raises a great deal of troubles in the method of youthful Europeans getting utilized is an absence of adequate experience that would get them qualified for the occupations. Any excursion needs to begin from a point. Sadly, youthful Europeans can not begin in light of the fact that the businesses anticipate that them should have extensive experience that is beyond the realm of imagination without at any rate one manager having endless supply of understanding and acknowledged a new alumni. In addition, bosses in Europe traditionally judge the abilities of an individual through his/her CV. Along these lines, numerous potential workers neglect to be even considered for choice essentially on the grounds that the CVs are not persuading enough as far as experience. Notwithstanding that, businesses in Europe by and large will in general assess the capability of a person through his/her involvement in the principal work. This can demonstrate lamentable for a person in that reg ardless of whether he/she stayed utilized with some notorious and unrenowned organization for a significant period of time in the beginning of his/her profession, he/she may have extraordinary trouble looking through another employment in the wake of leaving the first. The results can be far more terrible if the individual got removed from the principal work for reasons unknown, regardless of whether he/she was not to blame by any means. Then again, workers themselves feel demotivated by rehashed dismissals and ejections

Argument Essay Housemaids Impacts On The Society Of The UAE Essay

Argument Essay Housemaids Impacts On The Society Of The UAE Essay Argument Essay: Housemaids Impacts On The Society Of The UAE â€" Essay Example > Housemaids Impact on the Society of the UAEIntroductionThe discovery of oil in the UAE in the recent years has resulted to tremendous growth and development within the region. It has made UAE undergo enormous changes in different areas of economic development. The traditional life style of women as housekeepers and child bearing has disappeared. This is because the position of Emirati females has become strong. According to Ehrenreich and Arlie (2003) mmodern women go to colleges and have learned and acquired knowledge essential in the attainment of employment in both government and private sectors. As a consequence, the need for nannies and housemaids has increased in the UAE society as women no longer stay at home to take care of children and perform other household chores. Regardless of the fact that nannies and housemaids assist UAE’s women in upbringing children and performing other house duties, it has led to several problems and challenges for the family, children and the society as a whole. Whilst it is impractical for parents to spend all time with their kids, it is vital for them to understand that when they leave these children with housemaids and nannies for so long, they are co-parenting with these helpers. Even when parents are present at home, overworking usually make them have limited attention, energy and time for their children. This is viewed as a form of child neglect which has turned out to be pandemic in the UAE society. The presence of nannies and housemaids in the UAE has necessitated the government to establish a nanny or maid visa to enable them reside in the Emirati (Roumani, 2005). Effects of Housemaids and nannies in the UAE societyEstablishmentHousemaid and nannies have led to establishment agencies and recruit childcare givers and nannies. The majestic nannies is a Middle East based agency that offers online services direct from its offices in Abu Dhabi and its novel 2011 London office. Majestic nannies agency specializes i n recruitment of highly experience and qualified childcare professionals. The services of this agency are unique as it has dual offices which enable it to help both nannies and families in superior ways. Whilst utilizing modern technology in the recruitment processes, the agency is able to maintain personal touch and ensure every placement id tailored to the needs of the family. As a professional company, Majestic Nannies is committed to safety of children and follows the federation of recruitment and employment services’ code of practice. Majestic Nannies (2010) observe that the recruitment is through and each candidate is interviewed and references verifies. There is also an inclusion of the criminal background check to ensure that the recruited nannies are of good conduct (Pearce, 2003). Another organization involved in the recruitment of housemaids and nannies is the Nannies Dubai. This organization is an authorized domestic department of Gulf human resource solutions FZE th at provides specialized HR services to both companies and individuals throughout the United Arab Emirates. Dubai Nannies focuses on the recruitment of English speaking live-in nannies, caregiver nurses and governesses in the household of expat s working and living in UAE. Dubai Nannies team is devoted to offering families with quality candidates who they will be capable to incorporate into their homes. According to Pearce (2003), Dubai Nannies agency provides a huge selection of foreign professionals who have undergone careful screening to make sure that they meet the needs of the client. The agency’s professional consultant speaks with the clients so as to understand their personal needs and to tailor the agency’s approach to assisting clients find a high calibre nanny. The agency views the selection procedure a vital step in solving the domestic service needs of the clients.

Pre-Columbian Period - 9302 Words

[edit] Pre-Columbian period Main article: Pre-Columbian The earliest known inhabitants of what is now the United States are thought to have arrived in Alaska by crossing the Bering land bridge, at least 14,000 30,000 years ago.[10] Some of these groups migrated south and east, and over time spread throughout the Americas. These were the ancestors to modern Native Americans in the United States and Alaskan Native peoples, as well as all indigenous peoples of the Americas. Many indigenous peoples were semi-nomadic tribes of hunter-gatherers; others were sedentary and agricultural civilizations. Many formed new tribes or confederations in response to European colonization. Well-known groups included the Huron, Apache Tribe, Cherokee,†¦show more content†¦[edit] French colonization See also: New France and Fort Caroline New France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to Spain and Britain in 1763. At its peak in 1712 (before the Treaty of Utrecht), the territory of New France extended from Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains and from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico. The territory was divided in five colonies, each with its own administration: Canada, Acadia, Hudson Bay, Newfoundland and Louisiana. Also during this period, French Huguenots, sailing under Jean Ribault, attempted to found a colony in what became the southeastern coast of the United States. Arriving in 1562, they established the ephemeral colony of Charlesfort on Parris Island in what is now South Carolina. When this failed, most of the colonists followed Renà © Goulaine de Laudonnià ¨re and moved south, founding the colony of Fort Caroline at the mouth of the St. Johns River in what is now Jacksonville, Florida on June 22, 1564. Fort Caroline was destroyed in 1565 by the Spanish under Pedro Menà ©ndez de Avilà ©s, who moved in from St. Augustine, founded to the south earlier in the year. [edit] British colonization In 1607, the Virginia Company of London established the Jamestown Settlement on the James River, both named after KingShow MoreRelatedComparing Evidence of Both Norse and African Presence in the Pre Columbian Americas2401 Words   |  10 PagesIn pre- Columbian America there is evidence to show that there were both Norse and African presence present before the arrival of Christopher Columbus’ maiden voyage in 1492. 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The Impact Of Special Role Quilts On The Underground Railroad

To understand the special role quilts may have played in the Underground Railroad, we first have to understand the life and times of the people who lived during the years the railroad was running, approximately 1830-1862. These times were politically turbulent and impossible to summarize in a few brief paragraphs. This article should be considered an overview only. In the first year of the US Census, 1790, the United States of America consisted of 3.8 million people including 694,000 slaves scattered along the 16 states of the east coast. The issue of slavery was a thorny one for the new government. The 40,000 slaves in the northern states of CT, NJ, NY, PA and RI worked alongside free white men in cutting, burning, and clearing bush for cultivation. Southern slaves were vitally important to the economy of the southern states, which depended on the production of labor-intensive crops such as sugar, coffee, cacao, tobacco and rice. Southern states agreed to join the United States of America only on the provision that they were allowed to keep their slaves. Congress was well aware of the both the importance of southern crops to the economy of the United States and the importance of slave labor to the production of these crops. As the country expanded westward, provisions were made for slavery to continue. Yet as each new area was opened to slavery, the voices of abolitionists (anti-slavery proponents) got louder. As a compromise, An Act to Prohibit the Importation of Slaves

The Federal Program for Labor Management Free Essays

Employment has changed in the past decades because the world has changed. We’ve entered a new era, an era where the work ethic of employees, and more often the thinking and ethics of employers are many times questioned. The Federal Program for Labor Management has started as a way to provide for employees’ representation through chosen representatives, in collective bargaining with respect to personnel policies, practices and matters affecting working conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Federal Program for Labor Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, it was created to ensure that employees who want to exercise this right and take an active part in this process have the chance to do so. The contemporary challenges in labor relations and human resources management include the care for employee rights, disciplinary policies and procedures, alternative dispute-resolution procedures, organizational ethics in employee relations or governmental regulation of labor relations. Not less important issues regard the labor relations process, structures, functions, and leadership of labor unions, the bargaining process and trends in collective bargaining, the labor agreement and administration of the labor agreement. All these form a complex discipline with the sole aim to make work relations more efficient and satisfactory for both parts. Labor relations are an important topic of human resources management. The labor agreement is a contract between a organization’s management structures and the its labor force, represented by unions, concerning aspects like wages, benefits and working conditions. Is comes in the form of written policies and procedures. The goal of this document is to create equitable work relations, in order to assure the workers’ social protection, preventing or diminishing the conflicts of interests and avoiding strikes. All aspects of the labor-management relationship are dynamic. The agreement has the role to bridge the gap between the interests of both sides. The terms of the contract are enforced by the steward (a representative of the union), acting like a policeman, constantly on the lookout. The labor agreements can be conceived at different levels: a single plant, a branch, a company or even nationally, each with its own pro’s and con’s. A master agreement is conceived for an entire company or branch, covering multiple site locations. There are several stages of a labor agreement to be discussed. First of all, the contract has to be negotiated. This is usually done once a year. Once a settlement has been made, the document has to be well understood by both parties. These requires detailed analysis of the clauses on both sides. The next step is administration. This is also the process of getting ready to renegotiate. The management must do everything in its powers to assure a reasonable and accurate administration of the contract, showing flexibility at the same time. Last but not least is the evaluation process, upon any renewal of the terms. Since most people are routine-oriented and tend to do in the future the same things they have been doing in the past, it is particularly important to look backward. Learning from history, in other words. This may guarantee successful planning of future actions. In the following, I will analyze each stage, individualizing the for and against arguments to having a master labor contract. The agreement is the written image of a give-and-take relationship. Within a company, the management faces the workers in a confrontation for the most benefits. The management has to satisfy diverse needs of the various audiences it must serve: the executive branch, the shareholders, the labor force, the public at large etc. The union’s major interest is to represent the employees. There are also dissimilarities between management goals and management structure and the aims and methods adopted by the unions, resulting in labor-management differences. Management usually wants to provide for a flexible work force that can respond quickly to mission needs. Labor, on the other hand, wants stability, security, and job protection for the worker. Management strives to stimulate competition among the workers and to identify the most efficient workers while the union works for the adoption of common work rules and methods of compensation or reward which tend to eliminate competition. What is, in this case, the better choice – to have separate union contracts for different plants or to have one master labor agreement? The negotiation table for a labor agreement resembles a battle field. Each participant fights for his own interest, throwing in all the weapons. Each side needs as much power as it can get. From a manager’s point of view it would be more advantageous to negotiate separate union contracts, as it faces a less powerful opponent. Power is determined by a number of factors. In the case on unions, size is the most important (size determined by the number of members). This is why with separate contracts the management may have an upper hand. But, on the other side of the coin lies a great expense of resources. Time and money are wasted when it comes to separate negotiations. However, the purpose is to maintain â€Å"industrial peace†, meaning that whatever the results of the negotiations, they must meet both sides’ exigencies. At the very heart of it, the labor agreement represents written policies and procedures created to ensure functionality and satisfaction. This is why negotiations are problem-centered; more time is spent on day-to-day problems than on defining abstract principles. Given the fact that current problems are usually very specific to a certain situation, it means that separated labor contract would have the advantage of dealing adequately with issues every time. A master agreement is in certain circumstances too general and irrelevant, leading to a variance between contract and practice. Although trying to cover all grounds in a written document is a lost cause, the contract has to be the foundation of the labor-management relationship, thus variances should be minimized. The aspects that escape the consideration of the negotiators have to be as few as possible. Another situation that may be encountered is a request for an increase of the wage at one of the plants. In the case of a master labor contract this would be resolved at a central level resulting in a waste of financial resources. But if the contracts were negotiated separately then the request could be met at an individual level. This would save money to the company. There are also other points to consider when deciding for a level of negotiation. Separate plants are located in different areas, characterized by different socio-economical factors. The area’s degree of development may influence the discussions, providing an extra set of arguments to one of the sides. The high unemployment rate, for example, turns the scale in favor of the employer, while a low one represents a vantage point for the union. Environment, the degree of education, the minimum wage, as well as other issues, add extra weight to one side of the balance. An investigation is required (such as an environmental analysis), in each particular situation, in order to determine the better choice. Regarding the administration of the contract there are a few aspects worth to be taken into consideration at this point. Separate contracts allow the management to deal with problems one at a time, whereas a centralization of the process reduces the degree of mobility and may even result in financial losses or crisis situations. It is true, no doubt about it, that it is easier to conduct one labor contract agreement for a number of plant locations. However, it is possible for the union to strike, closing down all the plants. As opposed to this undesirable situation, if you have separate contracts, the union can only strike one plant at a time, giving the management the time required to resolve the situation. Management must not take a unilateral action without first considering whether it has an obligation to discuss the action with the union. Matters of legitimate concern for the employees include: personnel policies, practices and working conditions. In these cases the management must provide the union an opportunity to negotiate. So, whenever the company wants to bring change into any one of these fields it has to consult the union and it the chance to express its position. In this case it is somewhat difficult to negotiate separate contracts. Bringing union representatives from each plant to the same negotiation table would require great synchronization and it would be a logistic nightmare. Also, to ease a smooth relationship with the employees, the management must inform them even concerning the changes that don’t have to be negotiated (retained management rights not subjected to negotiation). Another way management can help assure union understanding and, thus, facilitate efforts to properly administer the agreement, is to distribute brief explanations of at least the key parts of the agreement in order to avoid misunderstandings. Jointly prepared articles can be included in the installation bulletin and union paper. Similarly, labor and management can work together in the preparation of special bulletins explaining the contract as the situation demands. All these actions are easier to perform and less demanding in the case of a master labor agreement. Worker representation and participation in management, through the union, could plausibly increase productivity in one or both of two ways. In the first place, it could serve as a no pecuniary incentive for workers by reducing the monotony of work and enhancing the individual worker’s dignity and self-esteem. As a result, job satisfaction would be increased, and increased job satisfaction is allegedly conducive to higher productivity and lower unit costs. These would be even more true in the care of separate labor contracts. When the employees are represented by people they know or have a chance to meet and work with they will feel personally involved – an underlying bias in favor of â€Å"insiders†. This is also a way to increase employee loyalty. The evaluation process helps creating a better contract. In order to evaluate, the management has to communicate with the union members. Failure to â€Å"talk to the troops† is a problem that has been encountered with increasing regularity in the recent past in labor-management relations. Communications should take place regarding all actions affecting the work force. The management’s task is to make sure that the communications process works for, not against, management. There are two different aspects to be taken into consideration: the functional ones and the psychological ones. On a functional level, the communication process would be easier to sustain in the case of a master agreement, due to the fact that the management would deal with only a few union representatives. However, in the case of separate labor agreements, the communication would be more efficient because it would be more personal. The companies tend to be organized from the top down while unions tend to be organized from the bottom up. This is why the functional and the efficiency aspects of communication do not coincide in the two perspectives. How to cite The Federal Program for Labor Management, Essay examples

The Plague Essays (2718 words) - Plague, Epidemics,

The Plague Albert Camus The Plague, takes place in the desert town of Oran, Algeria, in northern Africa. It is the perfect setting for this story to take place. The ordinariness of Oran is contrasted with the extraordinary business of the plague. Sprintzen points out that There is a mythic significance of Oran. Given the previous description of the quality of Oranian life, the selection of Oran as the location for the outbreak of plague should not come as a surprise(Sprintzen 38). In Oran, life for its inhabitants has lost meaning. The plague offers them a chance to give meaning back to their lives. The plot of the story is revealed in five parts, over which we see the characters undergo changes. Through the Oranians attitudes towards death in The Plague, they go through stages, which leave them with a final hope for life. As the novel starts, the Oranians are completely unaware of what is happening or what is about to happen around them and therefore cannot possibly be aware of the coming plague. The opening portion describes mens individual actions in a city as yet not officially touched by the plague. Riley believes that First the people of Oran, and they are not extraordinary in this way, are characterized as making no effort to reach the true nature of each other, and, unaware of the reality of their world and it other inhabitants, they are unfit to become easily aware of the coming plague (Riley 93). The main focus of every person in Oran is himself. Everyone in Oran wishes to be an individual, to have none of the problems of the rest of the world. Sprintzen observes that The people dont want to be stuck in the same boat with someone else; each believes one mans problems are his own, while they truly affect everyone(Sprintzen 84). The emphasis on the habits which have been formed and cultivated b y the soulless people of Oran are significant. Vital living can be stifled by habits. Todd suggests that It is at this point that one should revolt against his stultifying pattern of living. Recognition of bottomless death makes a habit-bound life even more absurd(Todd 165). Considering that they are completely unaware of anything around them, it is easy to see that the disease captures the city completely by surprise; no one is prepared for it. Doctors gather to discuss the matter. They have trouble naming the disease at first, and refuse to accept it for what it is. This reflects the whole attitude of the town, as the citizens do they very same thing. Doctors in particular are the first attempt to combat the disease. The individual efforts are valiant but have a negligible effect. An epidemic is a problem, which belongs not to a person but to people. It becomes apparent, however that it cannot merely be one who must oppose the plague. No matter what the doctors do one their own, t hey cannot stop the dying. The number of victims lost to the plague climbs higher and higher. Sprintzen writes The Plague does, beyond any possible discussion, represent the transition from an attitude of solitary revolt to the recognition of a community whose struggles must be shared(Sprintzen 103). Yet slowly at first, people begin to die, and the citizens of Oran take notice. The residents of Oran do not need to worry about looking for society and its common welfare, as each of them is wrapped up in his own concerns. The citizens awareness of the plague, however, changes all of this. At the end of Part one, Plague is proclaimed. The second part of the book begins with the statement that from now on, it can be said that plague was the concern of all of us. Once the town gates are shut, the individual actions, emphasized in the first part of the book, give way to the more universal feelings of fear and separation shared by all. The town and citizens have moved to a point of awareness of the plague and whats going on around them. Riley claims that Then the brutal statistics awaken them, and they psychologically gird for battle(Riley 93). Throughout part one, there is a sense